{"id":681,"date":"2015-12-21T16:10:41","date_gmt":"2015-12-21T16:10:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/?p=681"},"modified":"2015-12-21T16:10:41","modified_gmt":"2015-12-21T16:10:41","slug":"review-of-organic-chemistry-1-terms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/review-of-organic-chemistry-1-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Review of Organic Chemistry 1 Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many of our students are unclear on a number of key terms that will be necessary to move forward in organic chemistry. \u00a0We have compiled a list of commonly misunderstood terms and explain them here. \u00a0With this review, our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/demo.php\">quiz mode<\/a> review of all of the reactions you have learned and descriptions from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\">StudyOrgo.com<\/a>, you will be sure to boost your final exam\u00a0score and get a great grade in your class!<\/p>\n<p>Isomers \u2013 There are two types of isomers in organic chemistry.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Constitutional isomers<\/strong> \u2013 two or more molecules with the same number of atoms but in a different geometrical arrangement (i.e. different connectivity).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stereoisomers<\/strong> \u2013 molecules with the same geometrical arrangement (i.e. same connectivity) that are not superimposable on each other. For a carbon center (referred to as a <strong>stereocenter<\/strong>), this requires bonding to four different substituents!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/chiral-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-620\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/chiral-1.jpg\" alt=\"chiral 1\" width=\"470\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/chiral-1.jpg 470w, https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/chiral-1-258x300.jpg 258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Enantiomers<\/strong> \u2013 A pair of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diastereomers<\/strong> \u2013 Any pairing of stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images of each other.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Meso compounds<\/strong> \u2013 A molecule with stereocenters that shows symmetry in reflection. Because of this symmetry, the molecule is considered <em><u>achiral<\/u><\/em>!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Screen-Shot-2014-12-18-at-1.00.28-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-452\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Screen-Shot-2014-12-18-at-1.00.28-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2014-12-18 at 1.00.28 PM\" width=\"692\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Screen-Shot-2014-12-18-at-1.00.28-PM.png 692w, https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Screen-Shot-2014-12-18-at-1.00.28-PM-300x179.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Newman Projections \u2013 A way to visualize different\u00a0rotational\u00a0conformations of substituent comparing\u00a0two carbon atoms that looks down their C-C bond, thus showing the alignment of the substituents.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gauche conformation<\/strong> \u2013 when the angle between two substituents is 60\u00b0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anti conformation<\/strong> \u2013 when the angle between two substituents is 180\u00b0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eclipsed conformation<\/strong> \u2013 when two substituents overlap, or the angle between them is 0\u00b0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/drawing-6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-632\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/drawing-6.jpg\" alt=\"drawing 6\" width=\"623\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/drawing-6.jpg 623w, https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/drawing-6-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stereoselectivity Reaction Terms \u2013 describes the reaction conditions that leads to UNEQUAL stereoisomer formation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Syn addition<\/strong> \u2013 addition of substituents on the same face of the place of symmetry across a double bond.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anti addition<\/strong> \u2013 addition of substituents on the opposite face of the plane of symmetry across a double bond.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inversion of configuration<\/strong> \u2013 substitution of a nucleophile with the opposite stereochemistry as the starting material (e.g., R \u00ae S). This stereospecificty happens for ALL concerted mechanisms (SN2, E2, etc.)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Racemization (racemic mixture) <\/strong>\u2013 substitution of a nucleophile which produces both stereoisomers (e.g., R \u00ae R + S). This stereospecificity happens for ALL carbocation (SN1, E1, etc.) intermediates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Regioselectivity Terms &#8211; describes the reaction conditions that leads to UNEQUAL constitutional isomer formation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Markovnikov<\/strong> selectivity \u2013 in alkene addition reactions, the placement of hydrogen will occur on the LEAST substituted carbon (a.k.a. carbon center greatest number of hydrogens).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anti-Markovnikov selectivity<\/strong> \u2013 in alkene addition reactions, the placement of hydrogen will occur on the MOST substituted carbon (a.k.a. carbon center with fewest number of hydrogens).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zaitsev product<\/strong> \u2013 in elimination reactions, the formation of the alkene with the MOST substituents is favored. (e.g., E2 elimination with a non-bulky base such as sodium ethoxide).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hoffman product<\/strong> \u2013 in elimination reactions, the formation of the alkene with the LEAST substituents is favored. (e.g., E2 elimination with a bulky base, sodium tert-butoxide).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/terms-figure-21.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-684\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/terms-figure-21.gif\" alt=\"terms figure 2\" width=\"544\" height=\"608\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Intermediate Terms \u2013 describes intermediates that are key to reaction progression.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carbocation<\/strong> \u2013 formed any time a leaving group breaks a bond with carbon to generate a carbon center with 3 bonds and a positive charge.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Oxonium ion<\/strong> \u2013 formed any time an alcohol is protonated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mercurium ion<\/strong> \u2013 formed in oxymercuration\/demercuration addition reactions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bromonium ion<\/strong> \u2013 formed in halogenation addition reactions of alkenes<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/terms-figure-3.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-682\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/terms-figure-3.gif\" alt=\"terms figure 3\" width=\"652\" height=\"173\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many of our students are unclear on a number of key terms that will be necessary to move forward in organic chemistry. \u00a0We have compiled a list of commonly misunderstood terms and explain them here. \u00a0With this review, our quiz mode review of all of the reactions you have learned and descriptions from StudyOrgo.com, you [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[34,58,23],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/681"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=681"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/681\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":688,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/681\/revisions\/688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyorgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}